When the Bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789, it wasn't a crowd of breeches-wearing professionals that attacked the prison, freed the internees, and killed its superintendent, carrying off his head on a pike. It was the working people of Paris, men who didn't wear breeches, the sans-culottes, who carried this out. In the course of the French Revolution the sans-culottes questioned the economic system, the nature of property, the role and even the existence of religion, and for the first time placed class relations at the heart of a revolutionary upheaval. They did so in an often inchoate fashion, but they were new players on the stage of history, and the French Revolution constituted their learning curve. The Permanent Guillotine is an anthology of figures who expressed the will and wishes of this nascent revolutionary class, in all its rage, directness, and contradictoriness. Taken together, these documents provide a full portrait of the left of the left of the Revolution, of
