1 IntroductionReferences
2 Background and current status of seawater batteries
References
3 Fundamentals of state-of-the-art seawater batteries
3.1 Electrochemical process in seawater batteries
3.1.1 Cathode side
3.1.2 Anode sideReferences 4 Research progress of seawater batteries
4.1 Ceramic Na+ ion conductive membrane
4.2 Anode
4.2.1 Na anode
4.2.2 Na-free anode
4.2.3 Electrolytes
4.3 Cathode
4.3.1 Current collector
4.3.2 Electrocatalysts
4.3.3 Other cathode materials
References
5 Applications
6 Challenges and possible strategies to overcome
References
